Divine foreknowledge; synergistic cooperation; free will affirmed; no double predestination
The Old Catholic Church teaches a synergistic soteriology: God's predestination works in conjunction with human free will, not contrary to it. God foreknew all things from eternity, including who would respond to grace and who would reject it. Yet this foreknowledge does not eliminate human freedom; rather, it includes perfect knowledge of free choices.
God's grace is offered universally to all persons. No one is predestined to damnation apart from their own choice to reject God's grace. God desires the salvation of all and provides sufficient grace for all, but individuals remain free to accept or refuse. God's predestination of the saved is conditional on their foreknown acceptance of grace; their election is secure once they believe and persevere in faith.
This rejects Calvinist double predestination (God's election of some to damnation) as contrary to God's justice and universal salvific will. It also affirms genuine human cooperation with grace rather than purely passive reception. The intellect and will, though wounded by sin, retain capacity to respond to God's prevenient grace. Predestination and free will are not opposites but complementary aspects of God's providence and human responsibility.
Key Distinctions
- Election model:
- synergistic — divine initiative and human cooperation
- Double predestination:
- rejected
- Free will teaching:
- free will affirmed; grace enables but does not compel
Scripture References
Sources
- Fourth Lateran Council (1215)
- Catholic Catechism (pre-Vatican I)
- Molina, Luis de 'Concordia' (1588)