Methodist theology's primary position endorses military service within the constraints of just war doctrine. The United Methodist Social Principles acknowledge the just war tradition and affirm the responsibility of civil government to maintain order and defend its citizens. Methodist military chaplaincy has a long history. At the same time, Methodist tradition includes a significant stream of Christian pacifism, rooted in Wesley's emphasis on perfect love and the social gospel.

The United Methodist Church's Social Principles state both that war is 'incompatible with the teaching and example of Christ' and that conscientious participation in armed forces by those acting within just war constraints is a recognized option. This acknowledged tension — between the pacifist stream and the just war tradition — reflects the breadth of Methodist ethical reflection. The Church supports conscientious objectors as well as those who serve in the military, and official Methodist bodies have made specific declarations against particular conflicts (e.g., the Iraq War) based on just war analysis.