Lutheran theology affirms that the human soul continues in conscious existence after bodily death. The soul of the believer passes immediately into the presence of Christ at death (the intermediate state), while the body awaits the resurrection of the dead at the Last Day. Luther's Small Catechism and the Augsburg Confession Article XVII affirm the resurrection of the dead and the final judgment.

Luther himself used the language of 'soul sleep' at times, but Lutheran confessional documents do not formally endorse that position and most Lutheran theologians have affirmed conscious existence in the intermediate state. The eschatological hope of Lutheranism is bodily resurrection, not merely spiritual survival — the same body that died will be raised glorified, reunited with the soul at Christ's return.