Lutheran theology affirms that Isaiah 7:14 prophesies the virgin birth of Christ. The Augsburg Confession Article III and the Small Catechism both explicitly teach the virgin birth. Luther affirmed the virgin birth (though not necessarily perpetual virginity afterward). The traditional Christian reading of Isaiah's almah as 'virgin' is defended in Lutheran scholarship as the correct rendering, particularly in light of the New Testament's explicit citation in Matthew 1:23.

Lutheran theology grounds the virgin birth in God's miraculous action in the incarnation. The doctrine is taught as part of the credal faith and is linked to the affirmation of Christ's true humanity and his supernatural conception.