The Brethren in Christ practice congregational polity with regional and general conference structures. Authority is not centralized in a hierarchy but distributed across congregations, with oversight and coordination provided by bishops and conference bodies. The denomination rejects episcopal or papal authority in favor of congregational and denominational democracy.

Authority derives from Scripture, which is the final standard for doctrine and practice. However, Scripture is interpreted not individualistically but through the lens of the believing community. The church community (particularly in conference, gathered for discernment) is the locus of doctrinal and ethical decision-making.

The peace tradition and commitment to nonresistance are central to the denomination's ecclesial identity and authority structure. The church's witness to Christ includes its prophetic stance on justice, peace, and reconciliation. Authority is exercised with humility, recognizing that the Spirit speaks through Scripture, tradition, and communal discernment.