The SBC encompasses significant internal diversity on predestination and election. A growing Calvinist (Reformed Baptist) wing holds that God unconditionally elects individuals for salvation before the foundation of the world, that Christ's atonement is definite in scope, and that grace is irresistible. This position draws on the historic London Baptist Confession (1689) and the writings of theologians like Charles Spurgeon and more recently Al Mohler.

The majority Baptist tradition, however, has historically been more Arminian or 'non-Calvinist,' emphasizing that God's election is based on foreknowledge of human faith, that Christ died for all people, and that the human will freely responds to God's grace. This view has been represented in statements such as 'A Statement of the Traditional Southern Baptist Understanding of God's Plan of Salvation' (2012).

The BFM2000 itself is intentionally ambiguous on this point, affirming both that 'Election is the gracious purpose of God' and that 'all people possess dignity and are responsible before God.' Both Calvinist and non-Calvinist Southern Baptists can affirm the BFM2000 in good conscience. The SBC officially categorizes this as a matter of acceptable theological diversity within its cooperative framework.