The Church of God (Cleveland) operates with episcopal oversight and hierarchical governance structure. The denomination is led by the General Assembly, which meets periodically to set doctrine and policy. The General Assembly includes elected bishops, who are the chief officers and presiding authorities in their regions. State and local assemblies function under the General Assembly, and individual congregations are led by pastors and elders.

The Church affirms that Scripture is the supreme authority in all matters of faith and practice, that apostolic succession is not necessary for valid ministry, and that the Holy Spirit guides the Church through Scripture and godly leadership. While the leadership structure is authoritative in administrative and disciplinary matters, all doctrinal decisions must be grounded in Scripture. The Church's official Doctrines and Discipline is authoritative in codifying biblical truth.