The C&MA affirms Scripture as the supreme and ultimate authority in matters of doctrine, practice, and church life. The C&MA Statement of Faith and the C&MA Manual are secondary authorities that interpret and apply Scripture but are not binding beyond the denominational fellowship and are always subject to Scripture. This reflects the Protestant principle of sola scriptura.

Ecclesiastically, the C&MA operates with a mixed polity that combines elements of presbyterian (regional/district) structure with congregational participation. Local C&MA churches are organized under district councils and a national (now international) corporate body that provides oversight, ordains ministers, sets doctrinal standards, and coordinates missionary activity. However, individual congregations retain significant autonomy in their local affairs, and the denomination seeks to preserve congregational voice in district and national decision-making.

The C&MA does not affirm apostolic succession or an episcopal hierarchy. Leadership is exercised by ordained ministers and lay leaders chosen through congregational process, confirmed by district and national bodies, and accountable to Scripture and the denomination's constitutional documents. While the C&MA values historical tradition, it does not bind itself to post-biblical ecclesiastical tradition in the way some denominations do. Rather, the focus is on Scripture-based renewal and practical effectiveness in mission.