Reformed theology interprets Matthew 16:18 through the lens of Calvin and Westminster confessional standards. The 'rock' is understood as either Christ himself or Peter's faith-confession in Christ—not Peter's personal authority establishing ecclesiastical primacy. Calvin rejected papal claims based on this verse, emphasizing that all church authority derives from Scripture and Christ's headship.

The 'keys of the kingdom' are interpreted as pastoral authority—authority to preach, teach, administer sacraments, and exercise discipline—granted to all ministers of the gospel, not uniquely to Peter. Reformed theology affirms apostolic leadership within the structure of presbyterial or congregational government, not monarchical episcopacy or papal supremacy.