The Amish read Romans 9:18-21 through an Arminian lens, affirming God's sovereignty while rejecting strict Calvinist predestination. God's choice reflects his foreknowledge and desire that all be saved. The imagery of the potter and clay illustrates divine power, but not in a way that denies human moral responsibility.

The Amish practice of adult baptism, congregational discipline, and excommunication all presuppose genuine moral responsibility and the possibility of falling away from faith. This reading harmonizes with their broader Arminian soteriology.